PRE COLUMBIAN PERÙ
Much of Peru’s coast is arid desert, but many of its valleys are watered by glacial rivers and streams flowing down the western slopes of the Andes. These valleys between the coast and the mountains nurtured the earliest human settlements in Peru and South America. Other cultures flourished in the Andean highlands and in the Amazon.
The list of ancient Peruvian civilizations is long and includes (in order of development):
Norte Chico (Caral-Supe, El Paraíso, Chavín, Paracas, Moche, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Wari, Chimú, Inca. There are also the longstanding cultural groups (that did not form states but sometimes overlapped with them), the two main groups being the Quechua and Aymara as well as countless other smaller groups.
Many developments which are attributed to the Inca Empire in areas such as agricultural technology, weaving, pottery, gold and silver work can actually be traced to previous cultures.
INCA EMPIRE
Before the Inca Empire became an empire, they migrated into the fertile Cusco Valley. Manco Capac became the first Inca king sometime in the 11th century.
But it wasn’t until 1438, under the reign of Pachacutec, that the empire began to expand on a larger scale with new areas incorporated through conquest, coercion, or alliance.
Machu Picchu was constructed in 1450 as a royal estate for Pachacutec and his lineage.
By 1500, the Tahuantinsuyo stretched north to present-day Ecuador near Quito, west to the Pacific, east to the Amazon, and south to Chile near Santiago.
An extensive road network called the Qhaqaq Ñan (Royal Road) enabled communication and distribution of resources. The Sapa Inca was revered as the son of the Sun, the highest divinity.
Conquered peoples were obligated to provide labor and tribute to the imperial capital in Cusco. This, along with a civil war of succession between the brothers Huascar and Atahualpa,
formed the context that greeted the arrival of Spanish conquistadores to the shores of Peru in the 1530s.
MODERN PERÙ
At the turn of the 20th century, Lima enjoyed another period of wealth and prosperity. Lima’s most iconic buildings were constructed during this time, often in an ostentatious, neoclassical style that mimicked the early colonial period.
Big avenues were constructed to connect to coastal settlements such as Miraflores and Barranco.
At mid-20th century, Peru was embroiled in political and economic tumult with alternating periods of democratic regimes and military dictatorships.
This was also a period of rural-to-urban migration mainly to Lima resulting in a demographic explosion concentrated in the capital.
Other major cities such as Arequipa and Cusco also expanded during this time.
In 1990, Alberto Fujimori was elected president partly as a reaction against decades of political corruption and the rise of violent guerrilla movements like Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso).
The leader of Shining Path, Abimael Guzman, was captured in 1992. Although many Peruvians perceived that the president’s wide-ranging neoliberal reforms ushered in a period of stability, Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000 to escape charges of bribery and human rights violations.
He was later extradited and sentenced to prison.
TODAY
Inthe 21st century, Peru has enjoyed a long period of political and economic stability.
In 2015, the population of Peru is estimated at 31.2 million. Approximately 30% of this population (or 9.7 million) resides in the capital city of Lima.
Machu Picchu has no close rivals as the top destination in Peru. However, in recent years, Peruvian gastronomy has garnered tremendous international attention.
For many travelers today, sampling Peruvian cuisine is one of the essential “musts” on a trip to Peru.